Where are valence electrons found in an atom?

Valence electrons are indeed found in the outer shell of an atom. These electrons are crucial because they are involved in chemical bonding and determine how an atom interacts with others. The outer shell, often called the valence shell, contains the electrons that are the furthest from the nucleus and are not held as tightly by the positive charge of protons in the nucleus. This looser hold makes them more available for participating in reactions with other atoms.

The nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, does not house valence electrons; rather, it is the central part of the atom that contributes to its mass and positive charge. Inner shells also do not contain valence electrons as they are made up of electrons that are closer to the nucleus and more tightly bound, leaving the outer shell to be the focus for interactions with other atoms. Rather than being randomly distributed, electrons exist in defined energy levels or shells, with valence electrons specifically designated to the outermost level, impacting the atom's chemical properties.